Фотосинтез становить основу продукційного процесу рослин, тому дослідження структури фотосинтетичного апарату та механізмів його функціонування і регуляції важливі для пошуку шляхів підвищення продуктивності сільськогосподарських культур. У статті узагальнено результати досліджень науковців Інституту фізіології рослин і генетики НАН України у глобальному контексті вивчення ролі фотосинтезу в продукційному процесі та формуванні врожайності сільськогосподарських культур. Показана важливість раннього періоду досліджень у формуванні методичних засад вивчення процесу фотосинтезу рослин у лабораторних і природних умовах та з урахуванням його взаєморегуляції з процесами росту і розвитку, забезпеченістю мінеральним живленням тощо, що заклав основи вітчизняної наукової школи з фізіології, біохімії та екології фотосинтезу. Висвітлено результати фундаментальних досліджень та інноваційні розробки, удостоєні Державних премій СРСР і УРСР, а також премій ім. М.Г. Холодного НАН України. Науковцями ІФРГ НАН України комплексно схарактеризовано структурно-функціональні особливості фотосинтетичного апарату на рівнях організації від субклітинного до ценотичного та механізми регуляції в донорно-акцепторній системі рослини у сучасних сортів озимої пшениці і визначено характеристики, що можуть слугувати фізіологічними маркерами високої продуктивності і посухостійкості. Встановлено, що висока продуктивність сучасних сортів озимої пшениці забезпечується подовженою тривалістю функціонування асиміляційного апарату ценозів у репродуктивний період вегетації, підвищеною активністю фотосинтезу та ефективністю використання сонячної радіації на рівні листка і посіву, а також поліпшеною здатністю стебла депонувати фотоасиміляти з подальшим їх використанням для наливання зерна. На основі отриманих результатів сформульовано і розвинуто концепцію авторегуляції фотосинтезу і стратегії розподілу асимілятів у донорно-акцепторній системі рослин як факторів оптимізації функціонування фотосинтетичного апарату та підвищення врожайності. Результати досліджень, проведених у ІФРГ НАН України, свідчать, що для подальшого генетичного вдосконалення нових сортів озимої пшениці необхідне підвищення активності фотосинтетичного апарату на рівні листка і посіву в тісному взаємозв’язку з оптимізацією росту і розподілу біомаси між органами рослини з урахуванням онтогенетичної динаміки продукційного процесу.
Ключові слова: фотосинтез, фотодихання, Рубіско, донорно-акцепторні відносини, ефективність використання світлової енергії, продуктивність, пшениця
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