В огляді узагальнено та проаналізовано сучасні наукові дані щодо токсичного впливу важких металів (ВМ) і металоїдів на фізіолого-біохімічні та молекулярно-генетичні процеси зернових культур (пшениця, рис, кукурудза, ячмінь), а також розглянуто інноваційні екологічно безпечні стратегії пом’якшення цього стресу. Детально висвітлено механізми фітотоксичності ВМ (Cd, Pb, As, Cr, Ni, Al), які виявляються у пригніченні росту, деструкції фотосинтетичного апарату, порушенні іонного гомеостазу та генерації активних форм кисню (АФК). Центральну увагу приділено синергічній взаємодії наноматеріалів (неорганічних, вуглецевих та органічних наночастинок) із комплексним фітогормональним ансамблем, що включає абсцизову, саліцилову, жасмонову кислоти, ауксини, гібереліни, цитокініни, брасиностероїди. Розглянуто захисні ефекти передпосівного нанопраймування насіння та фоліарної обробки рослин. Проаналізовано комплексні механізми дії наносистем (зокрема на основі ZnO, SiO2, TiO2, CeO2, Se та хітозану), які функціонують як агенти адресної доставки гормонів, активують протонні помпи, посилюють бар’єрну роль клітинних стінок коренів та стимулюють фенілпропаноїдний шлях біосинтезу захисних фенольних сполук і флавоноїдів. На молекулярному рівні висвітлено роль жасмонатного сигнального комплексу SCF-COI1-JAZ та здатність комбінованого застосування наночастинок і брасиностероїдів істотно пригнічувати експресію генів-транспортерів ВМ (OsHMA2, OsHMA6, OsNRAMP5) із одночасною ап-регуляцією транспортера заліза OsIRT1. Обговорюються перспективи використання нанохелатів і фітостимуляторів для мінімізації транслокації ВМ у зерно, зниження екотоксичності пестицидів, подолання дефіциту поживних речовин та забезпечення глобальної продовольчої безпеки через сталі агроекологічні системи.
Ключові слова: важкі метали, зернові культури, наночастинки, продовольча безпека, синергічна взаємодія, стресостійкість, фітогормони
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