Культурні злаки є головним джерелом продовольства у світі. Вони забезпечують більше половини загальної потреби людства в калоріях. Для вирішення проблеми продовольчої безпеки необхідно забезпечити стабільне постачання якісного зерна. Забруднення ґрунтів свинцем (Pb) є значним викликом для довгострокового виробництва зернових. В Україні ця проблема набула особливої гостроти через інтенсивні бойові дії. Свинець, як неесенціальний важкий метал, спричиняє комплексний токсичний вплив на рослинний організм через три основні молекулярні механізми: накопичення активних форм кисню, блокування ключових функціональних груп у біомолекулах та витіснення іонів біологічно важливих металів. Дослідження показали, що свинець істотно пригнічує проростання насіння й ріст проростків злаків, причому інтенсивність впливу залежить від концентрації, тривалості експозиції та видових особливостей рослин. За високого вмісту в середовищі Pb, проростання зернівок знижується на 30—40 %, довжина коренів зменшується на 45 %, значно падає індекс стресостійкості. На клітинному рівні Pb порушує структуру і функції фотосистем, спричиняє оксидативний стрес, відбувається дестабілізація мембран, втрачається цілісність клітинних органел. Саліцилова кислота (СК) — фітогормон фенольної природи — відіграє ключову роль у регуляції численних фізіологічних процесів рослин, включно ріст і розвиток, фотосинтез, дихання, транспірація, та забезпечує формування захисних реакцій, підвищуючи стійкість злаків до широкого спектра абіотичних і біотичних стресорів. Особливу роль СК відіграє у формуванні стійкості злаків до забруднення Pb через її участь у передачі стресових сигналів, механізмах антиоксидантного захисту й модуляції фізіологічних процесів. У цьому огляді ми представили сучасне узагальнення існуючих даних щодо впливу токсичності Pb на морфофізіологічні та біохімічні реакції основних зернових культур. Також висвітлюються дані про механізми поглинання й транслокацію іонів свинцю в рослинах, критично обговорюються можливі стратегії фіторемедіації ґрунтів та шляхи подолання загрози токсичності свинцю у зернових культур.
Ключові слова: зернові культури, забруднення свинцем, саліцилова кислота, ріст, метаболізм, стійкість
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