Фізіологія рослин і генетика 2021, том 53, № 3, 240-261, doi: https://doi.org/10.15407/frg2021.03.240

Вплив пестицидів на бульбочкові бактерії у чистій культурі та реалізацію їх симбіотичного потенціалу

Коць С.Я., Кукол К.П.

  • Інститут фізіології рослин і генетики Національної академії наук України 03022 Київ, вул. Васильківська, 31/17

На основі аналізу вітчизняних і зарубіжних літературних джерел висвітлено питання доцільності та ефективності застосування у технологіях вирощування сільськогосподарських культур мікробних препаратів, виготовлених на ос­нові активних штамів бульбочкових бактерій, схарактеризовано їх роль у забезпеченні рослин біологічно фіксованим азотом. Наведено відомості про поширеність, переваги і перспективи застосування хімічного методу захис­ту рослин від збудників хвороб, фітофагів і бур’янів у агрофітоценозах. Висвітлено особливості оцінювання пестицидів за низкою екотоксикологічних показників. Наведено дані про вплив окремих діючих речовин і сумішевих хімічних препаратів на життєздатність та репродукцію азотфіксувальних мікроорганізмів у чистій культурі. Показано, що інтенсивність цього впливу залежить від призначення, механізмів дії, переліку штучно синтезованих речовин у складі препаратів, застосованої концентрації та генотипу штамів ризобій. Зазначено, що пристосувальні реакції у мікроорганізмів до дії пестицидів виявляються у корекції біохімічних та фізіологічних процесів, що забезпечує їх подальше існування за умов антропогенного навантаження. Проаналізовано вплив хімічних засобів захисту рослин за різних способів їх застосування на симбіотичні системи, утворені за участю активних штамів бульбочкових бактерій і бобових культур. Залежно від генотипів мікро- та макросимбіонтів, складових хімічних препаратів, низки біотичних і абіотичних чинників навколишнього середовища фіксували різноспрямований вплив пестицидів на кількість, масу сформованих кореневих бульбочок, рівень асиміляції ними N2, урожайність зерна та показники його якості. Окреслено можливі шляхи суміщення процесів бактеризації насіння бобових культур та його обробки протруйниками фунгіцидної або інсектицидної дії внаслідок застосування толерантних до пестицидів штамів ризобій та включення додаткових компонентів протекторної дії до препаратів.

Ключові слова: азотфіксація, бактеріальні препарати, ризобії, хімічний метод захисту рослин, пестициди, діюча речовина, кількість і маса бульбочок, урожайність

Фізіологія рослин і генетика
2021, том 53, № 3, 240-261

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